Houston Canoe Club: Newsletter Article

The Comanches set up camp in an area generally bounded by Travis Street, Buffalo Bayou, Prairie Avenue and Congress Avenue on the western edge of the developing town. Shortly thereafter, a group of Lipans joined the Comanches and they camped near the home of Mary J. Briscoe on the corner of Main Street and Prairie Avenue. The riparian woodlands of the bayou banks gave way to the tall grass prairie near the southern edge of town (hence the name Prairie Avenue). A gully, which began near Milam Street, ran west between Texas Avenue and Prairie Avenue to the bayou. At the point where it crossed Smith Street, near the front door of the Wortham Center today, there was a large spring which had minnows and a large, overhanging oak tree. It was a good place to set up a temporary home as those of us who have done some wilderness expeditions of our own know.

Mary Briscoe, however, had a different feeling about those camped in sight of her back door. Her observations of the Comanches were of a filthy and forbidding looking group whose drunken orgies at night kept the ladies of town in at night out of apprehension. She felt that the Lipans, on the other hand, were "finer looking" than the Comanches and more "cleanly" in their habits, yet she felt "their presence was particularly obnoxious to me."

In spite of the condescending and often hostile attitude of many of the inhabitants of Houston toward the tribes, many persons in Texas, including President Sam Houston, took the matter of how to settle the concerns expressed by the Indians seriously. Houston held peace talks with the tribal chiefs among a grove of pecan trees located in what is now the Theater District. A descendant of these pecan trees was exposed when the Rice Hotel Garage at Milam Street and Prairie Avenue was demolished in 2001.

In November, 1837, the Cherokee chief Duwali, the emissary of the Texas Republic to the Comanches, arrived in Houston to negotiate a treaty for his organization which was formally known as the Cherokee and Associated Bands. Chief Duwali, often called Chief Bowles by the Anglos because his name in Cherokee means "the bowl," had brought his band of Cherokees to Texas in the early 1820's, at about the same time that Moses Austin was establishing his colony for the settlement of Anglos in Texas.

By the time of the Texas Revolution, the Cherokee and about a dozen remnant tribes had obtained squatters' rights to land from the Spanish authorities in East Texas near modern day Tyler. The provisional government of Texas promised the land to these tribes for their neutrality during the revolution and, on February 23, 1836, they signed a treaty with Sam Houston. After the victory at San Jacinto and the Republic was becoming a reality, the treaty with the Cherokee and Associated Bands was tabled by the Texas Senate on December 29, 1836. In a blow to the hopes of Chief Duwali and his people, the treaty that had been negotiated and signed by Sam Houston was declared null and void by the Texas Senate on December 16, 1837.

Throughout the second year of his term as president, Sam Houston continued to seek a reasonable resolution to the Indian issue. John Torrey and his brothers came to Houston in 1838 and built the first frame building in town on Preston Avenue as a trading house for Indians as a part of Houston's policy and plan to secure peace with the Indians. Tribal summit meetings continued during the spring of 1838. Representatives of several tribes held formal negotiations in the capitol with the President and Vice President.

On March 6, 1838, the Lipan chief Castro met with Vice President Mirabeau B. Lamar in Houston. Castro and a group of Lipans, who lived along the Rio Grande in South Texas, sought to negotiate a treaty. While in town, the government held a ball in which the Lipans were honored guests.

Several members of the Tonkawa tribe, who inhabited the Hill Country and areas of the Edwards Plateau, visited Houston on April 6, 1838. They left the city on April 10 after being presented gifts by President Houston.

Duwali, the Cherokee chief, arrived in Houston on May 1, 1838 and was treated with the utmost diplomacy. He accompanied the president, the vice president and members of Congress on a trip aboard the steamer 'Friend' to Galveston to inspect the naval garrison and the brig of war 'Potomac'.

Yet, in spite of all of the diplomatic efforts on behalf of President Houston, no treaty was concluded with any of the tribes living in Texas. Houston's term ended in late 1838, and Mirabeau Bonaparte Lamar, who took office in December, immediately announced his intention to rid Texas of "the Cherokee menace." President Lamar, earlier in his career, had been a major factor in the removal of the Cherokees from Georgia and was well known to have a long abiding dislike of Indians. Seizing the moment and the popular anti-Indian sentiment of the time, on May 26, 1839, Lamar issued a letter to Chief Duwali stating "...my duty as Chief Magistrate of this Republic, to tell you...that the Cherokee will never be permitted to establish a permanent and independent jurisdiction within the inhabited limits of the Government."

The change in the administration reversed Sam Houston's policy of accommodation and assimilation of the native Americans into Texas society to Lamar's policy of eradication and removal. In one of the ironies of history that only political expediency can produce, President Lamar set his attack, not on the bellicose tribes of the plains who hunted and raided the fringes of the frontier, but the brunt of his policy was directed at the Cherokees who were among the most civilized of any tribe in Texas or the United States. The Cherokees were farmers and livestock raisers who wore European style clothes and lived in log cabins. The Cherokee had the misfortune of living on land that the Anglo Texans coveted.

In the summer of 1839, at President Lamar's order, Kelsey H. Douglass commanded approximately 500 troops of the Texas Cavalry who were to remove the Cherokee and Associated Bands to the Indian Territory. On July 16, 1839, a scouting party under James Carter engaged the Cherokee farmers, led by their 83-year-old chief Duwali, near the headwaters of the Neches River.

After thirty minutes of fighting, over a hundred Cherokee men were killed. Chief Duwali, mounted on his sorrel horse, holding a cherished sword given to him by Sam Houston, and wearing an old black military hat on his head, signaled the retreat. As the Cherokee were leaving the field of battle, Duwali's horse was shot out from under him. Rising slowly, the chief began walking away when he was shot in the back by Henry Conner. Chief Duwali sat down, crossing his legs and arms facing the militia. Captain Smith of the militia walked over to the chief, placed a pistol to his head and shot him to death. Cavalry members stripped skin from his arms for souvenirs and they left him there without burial.

Sam Houston denounced the death of Duwali, Chief Bowles, and, in a speech before the Texas assembly in 1840, declared that Duwali was "a better man than his murderers." In 1841, Houston began his second term as president and instituted a new Indian policy. Treaties were made with the remaining Cherokee and remnant tribes in Texas in 1843 and 1844, providing a reservation for the Alabama and Coushatta tribes near present day Jasper.

But, by this time, President Lamar had moved the capitol of Texas to the village of Austin and the town of Houston was suffering a serious period of decline. The native Americans who showed up in town were a destitute lot with none of their previous nobility. The Indian wars on the frontier of Texas would rage for another 40 years.